Plant container



E. S. GREEN PLANT CONTAINER July 13, 1965 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Il Il Filed July 2, 1963 NVENTOR. E veer S. Gea-N E. s. GREEN PLANT CONTAINER July 13, 1965 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 2, 1963 S Rm w mw WG H A w J E M/ w United States Patent O 3,193,979 PLANT CNTAiNER Evert S. Green, 11i Kenneth Ave., Bellmore, NX. Filed .luly 2, 1963, Ser. No. 292,786 7 Claims. (El. @f7-38.1)

This invention relates to a plant container and more particularly to a flowerpot having means to create optimum light and moisture conditions for the growth of plants and is a continuation-inpart of my application Serial No. 115,112, filed June 6, 1961, now abandoned.

Many devices have been used in an attempt to assure a continuous, controlled feed of water with or without nutrient to the roots of plants, particularly flowering plants. The fullest growth and flowering of plants such as African violets requires a moisture environment for the roots that is carefully controlled with minimum fluctuations. Devices used for this purpose, such as wicks, have been found to be impractical and to give unsatisfactory results. Other devices which have been more practical to assure a constant moisture environment have had the disadvantage of not providing a means of draining off moisture so that there would be a steady inow of liquid to the soil or sand. A continuous flow of liquid is necessary where the liquid carries nutrient to the plant and is desirable in any case to remove stagnant water.

Some self-watering devices have the disadvantage of over watering the plant due to insufiicient drainage and thus bringing the air level in the soil below the optimum. Other devices are not adaptable to a nutrient feed due to uncontrolled feed of water or nutrient and thus are limited to those situations where nutrient is supplied by the soil.

in addition to moisture and feed parameters, a major factor in the growth of plants is widely recognized to be sunlight. There appears, however, to be no serious attempt to simulate natural light conditions for the growth of houseplants.

Accordingly, it is a major object of this invention to provide a plant container which will optimize the most important parameters for the growth of plants, specifically those parameters of moisture, light and controlled nutrient feed.

A more specific object of this invention is to provide a plant container which can be used to assure constant soil moisture.

Another specific object of this invention is to provide an even distribution of moisture around the roots of the contained plant.

Still another specific object of the invention is to provide improved control over soil nutrient as well as moisture.

Yet another specic object of this invention is to afford improved means for providing natural light conditions to houseplants.

it is a further object of this invention to provide a continuous change of moisture.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a means for a continuous even feed of nutrient to the plant soil.

lt is an important object of the invention to meet the above objects with a device that is flexible enough to be used with many different plants.

Briefly, the invention is a iiowerpot type of container having a feed line, a drain, a refracting crystal overhead and a reservoir of water. The feed line introduces water and nutrient from outside to the soil at a controlled rate through capillary action. The drain lets liquid out to maintain a steady flow or water and nutrient through the soil and thus to the plant. The refracting crystal overhead deploys light to the plant in a fashion which 35,193,976 Patented July 13, 1965 ICC stimulates growth and creates a much more natural light environment than is otherwise supplied to houseplants.

Further objects and a fuller understanding of the invention may be had by reference to the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

PEG. 1 is a cross-section elevation of a flowerpot embodying one embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-section elevation of an alternate embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-section elevation of a preferred ernbodiment of this invention;

FIG. 4 is a perspective View of the cap closure which is used in conjunction with the FIG. 3 embodiment of this invention; and

FIG. 5 is an elevation view of a crystal and its support as used in the FIG. 3 embodiment.

With reference to FIG. l, the plant container 16 has a feed line 11 and a drain line 12. Both of these lines are filled with a fine quartz sand 13 and communicate through this sand 13 with the interior of the container 10 by means of openings 14 in the container wall 15. The feed line 11 has an earthenware insert 16 at the end that dips into a reservoir 17 of water 18. The earthenware insert 16 absorbs water which then travels by capillary action up through the sand 13 in feed line 11 into the plant container 16. The earthenware insert 16 projects some distance below the end of the feed line 11 so as to present an adequate area for absorption of water. A one-quarter inch diameter insert 16 projecting seveneighths of an inch below the feed line 11 has been found desirable for general use. However, the dimensions for any given application will depend on the porosity of the earthenware insert and the moisture requirements of the plants. The design of this invention is such that there is nothing very critical about the insert 16 because the water intake to the container 10 can be varied as desired through the control of the water level in the reservoir 17.

For a constant moisture feed to the container 10, it is necessary to keep the reservoir 17 level constant. One means of doing this is illustrated in FIG. 1 by the water tower 1S. An opening 19 in the water tower 18 at the desired reservoir 17 water level will maintain that Water level as long as the water in the tower 18 lasts. Thus, a very steady moisture ilow into the container 10 can be maintained. If a different rate of liow is desired, a water tower with a different opening level may be used. For reasons of stability, the water tower 18 is clipped fast onto the reservoir 17 by a clip 2i).

Plant roots require some air for the best development and fastest growth of the plant. In Very wet and claylilre soils, this lack of air can drown a plant. This is one of the reasons why for most applications of the invention it is preferable, if not necessary, to use a sandy soil. However, to assure trouble-free operation by the plant Siphon, small holes 21 are arranged around the circumference of the feed line 11 above the Water level to act as air vents. The holes 21 allow trapped air to escape as the liquid rises in the feed line 11 through the sand 13. The description has referred to the reservoir liquid as water 1S, but it should be understood that in most applications a nutrient is dissolved in the water 18 so that the feed line supplies water and nutrient to the soil and roots of the plant.

For most applications, water evaporation from the soil and plant leaves is not enough to maintain the desired moisture flow. Therefore, the container 10 is supplied with a drain line 12 filled with sand 13. The sand 13 in drain line 12 extends a point below that of the surface of the reservoir water 18 so that the moisture drain, if over-watering should occur, operates on the principle of a Siphon. A small earthenware plug 22 must be set in the end of the drain line 12 to keep'the sand 13 from y falling out. To facilitate the drain of moisture or escape 1 f air, small holes 23 near the end of the drain line 12, but above the plug 22, communicate with the sand 13 to allow moisture runoff into the sink 24. l

Normally, the soil used with plants that benefit from such a moisture and nutrient ow is sufficiently sandy to maintain moisture flow between the feed line 11 and the drain line 12. However, to assure proper moisture iiow, it is'preferable to coat the inside of the container with a thin layer of sand 25 which is bonded to the container walls 15. The sand layer 25 also permits factory test without having to use a soil till. To maintain a movement of fresh water through all of the container 16 soil, the floor of the soil containing portion must be above openings 23 in the drain line. Thus, the container 1) has a base 26 which is high enough so that the inside bottom of the container is above the openings 23 at the end of the drain line 12. rThe bonded sand is preferably fine quartz sand as .its capillary qualities are such that it will distribute moisture all around the container 1i) and assure an even moisture-distribution within` the container i0.

It is preferable that the container walls V15, including the feed and drain line walls, be made of'a plastic material rather than earthenware so that the only moisture drain will be through the controlled .process above described. Small earthenware disks 27 may be inserted in the container walls as rough indicators ofthe -liquid` Two expedients are layer'of'sand 25 is bonded tothe inner walls 40 of the rcontainer 41. A base 26 maintains the container 41 Vabove the level of the drain line 49 holes 53 to assure a proper Siphon effect and avoid a stagnant pool of water near the base of the soil and plant cavity 48. The illustrated refracting crystal Sil-and refracting sand carpet 34 operate as described in the main embodiment.

The main advantage of this second embodiment is that the drain line 49 and feed line 44' can be removed for close to saturated overwide uctuations in the water used to minimize this problem. One is that-a thin layer Y of line quartz sand is Vbonded to the Walls of the two lines `11, 12 so that there will always be some sand continunity and thus some moisture-dow. A second expedient is to construct two holes 28, one at the top of each line 11, 12 so that sand can be added incase an air spaceis created. The holes 28 also serve as air Vvents for the sandin the feed line 11 and drain line 12. v

A crystal prism 30 is mounted on a rod 31 to cause refraction of incident light and thus dispersion of the light to the upper leaves of the plant. A crystalline quartz sand carpet 34 laid out at the base 26 of the container complements thecrystal 30 and supplies a refracted light to the lower leaves of the plant.

Many applications of the basic invention may be made which will considerably alter the structure and looks of the embodiment withoutV departing from the inventive' combination of a controlled water, air and nutrient feed with a drain to maintain a steady moisture iiow through the rots.V FIG. 2 illustrates a variation that employs detachable fed and drainV lines which may be removed for cleaning. Y Y Y The plastic walled 4) container 41 has a sand-13; filled rim reservoir 42 with openings 43 communicating between thereservoir 42 and the coil in the container 41. A sand 13 packed feed line 44 with a sand bonded inner wall layer 45 is immersed in a water 46 or water plus nutrient reservoir 47 and by capillary action vkeeps the sand reservoir 42 saturated. The moisture enters thev soil and plant cavity 48 to drain out through a drain,V

permit liquid to pass in or out from the sand 13 within the lines.

YAs in the `main embodiment described above, a thin reservoir 47 level.

FIG. k3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of this invention Vand thereby represents the conclusion of applicants work in this eld.

' The main container 50 is shown with a rim reservoir 51. A feed line 52 and a drain line 53 are screwed into the b ase of the rim reservoir 51 and are spaced approximately 180 from each other. The'feed line 52 and drain line 53 are lled with a iine quartz sand and communicate with-the interior of Ythe rim reservoir 51 which is also filled witha tine quartz sand. The rim reservoir 51 in turn communicates to the interior of the main plant container 5t) -by means of the openings 54. Capillary feed of water into and out of the soil containing portion of the main container is enhanced and maintained by aquartz sand lining 55 which is bonded to the inside of the feed line 52, the main plant container 56, and the drain line 53.`

A Water tower 56 is -used to maintain the desired Water level in the reservoir 57. The feed line 52, instead of being directly inserted into the water in the reservoir 57, is inserted into a relatively small cap 58. The cap 56 sits in the water S9 and has a layer of tine quartz sand 60 bonded to its outside.. Feed paths 65, which are strips 0f sand bonded to the inside wall of the c-ap 58 are connected to the bondedlayer of sand 60. Thus water can flow by capillary action from the reservoir 57 up the sand layer 66,Y down the bonded sand feed path 65, and into the sand 61 which is contained in the cap 5S. The feed line 52 contacts the sand 61 sovthat the water in the sand 61 can travel by capillary action up the feed line 52, into the sand of the first rim reservoir 51A, through the openings 54 vand finally into the soil and plant containing main container 56. A ball 62'and flange 63 arrangement is used at the lower end ofthe feed line 52 to hold the sand in the feed line 52 when the main container 50 with its lines 52 and 53 is picked up under which conditions the ends f the lines 52 and 53 do not rest on the sand 61 and`66 respectively. Both the flange 63 and the ball 62 are bonded with a layer of fine quartz lsand so as to assure a path for water flow between the ball 62 and the flange 63.v InV any case, since the feed line will normally be inserted -into the sand 60 in the cap 58, the ball 62 will be pushed sufficiently far back into the feed line 52 so as tomaintain adequate opening for thecapillary flow of water.

The drain'line 53 is substantially similar in construction tothe feed line 52. It also contains a ball 62 and flange 63 arrangement for keeping the sand within the feed line 53 from falling out when removed for cleaning. In addition a drain line cap 64 containing sand 66 and a bonded layer of white Vsand 67. serves to provide the needed capillary continuity for drain of the water. To avoid a tendency forV Water to stagnate in thedrain line cap 64 it is Y important .that the water level`in the reservoir 56 be maintained higher than the rim of the drain line cap 64. A second rimV reservoir 51B covers the opening 54 and assures continuity of capillary drain from the interior of the main plant container Sil to the drain line S3.

When either feed line 52 or drain line 53 is removed, the flanges 63 hold the ball 62 from falling out and jointly keep the sand in the lines 52 or 53 from falling out. Thus the diameter of the ball 62 is great enough for it to be held by the flange 63.

The above described design of the lfeed line 52 and drain line 53 have certain advantages which cause them to be applicants preferred design. Because the feed and drain lines SZ and 53 are screwed into the rim reservoirs 5l, these lines 52, 53 are kept in secure communication with the rim reservoir 5f so that there is a continuity of sand within the lines 52, 53 and within the rim reservoir Si..

In addition, the feed and drain lines 52, 53 may be readily removed without moving the plants. Since the lines 52 and 53 may be removed without moving the plants, it also becomes possible to remove the reservoir 57 without moving the plants. Where large plant containers 5t? `are involved, there is considerable convenience in this ready removal of lines 52, 53 and reservoir 57 for cleaning purposes.

The design of the cap SS shown in detail in FIG. 4 is important in this invention for controlling the rate at which water is fed to the main container 5d. Water yfeed rate control is achieved by having a series of separate feed paths 65' on the inside walls of the cap 5S. These feed paths are nothing more than fine quartz sand bonded onto the inside surface of the cap 58. The paths extend various distances down from the rim of the cap 58 to the inside base of the cap. This design is shown in perspective in FIG. 4.

The height of the sand 6l. that is placed in the cap 58 will determine how many of these feed paths 6'5 will be contained in the continuous path of capillary flow of water. A small amount of sand in the cap 5S will cause only one of the feed paths 65 to be involved in the capillary fiow of water and thus will involve the minimum ow of water. As the depth of sand 6l in the cap 58 is increased, two, three or four of the feed paths will be intercepted and the rate of water flow will correspondingly increase. ln this fashion a very effective control over the rate of water dow is achieved and the planter of this invention can therefore be adapted to use with many types of plants which require different rates of water feed as well as with plants that require different rates `of water feed at different periods in their life growth.

lt is important to the proper operation of this invention that some attention be given to the characteristics of the sand which is bonded to such items as the feed line 52., t-he drain line 53 and the inside of the main plant and soil containing portion 5d. This `sand should exhibit strong capillary properties and accordingly fine quartz sand is preferred. It is important that the sand lining maintain an appropriate iiow of water and that it not hold the water. lt is, after all, one of the main purposes of this invention to enhance the flow of water through the main plant container Stb so as to avfoid an environment of stagnant water and so as to permit the carrying of nutrients with the water. For this reason, it is important that the drain line 53 be as carefully constructed as the feed line 52 so that water will drain from the planter. If water does not properly drain from the planter, water cannot flow into the planter to replace that which has drained out. It is thus also important that the drain line 53 terminate at some point below the inside base 68 of the main container Sil so that no pool of stagnant water will collect. For this reason a base 7d is provided as part of the main container 54) to make sure that the plant and soil containing portion is at all points above the drain line 53.

FIGS. 3 4and 5 illustrate the preferred crystal 75 design. This preferred crystal design has a at under surface 76 and a generally rounded, multi-faceted upper surface 77. This flat surface 76 can be held next to or on the leaves to be affected. yEach crystal 7S has three small holes 73 cut at diderent angles into its bottom surface 76 so that the crystal may be tilted to whatever angle is preferable for assuring appropriate contact or proximity with the leaves. Each crystal 75 is held by a two part stem 7%, Sd, in which the upper part 79 fits into the lower part Se and is held there by a small screw Si so that the height :of the crystal 75 may be adjusted -to permit locating i-t as close las possible to a ieaf.

The position of the crystal 75 as to both angle and height will, of course, have to change as the plant grows.

Although the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity and three variants have been illustrated, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is by way of example and that changes in the details of construction and operation will be apparent to one skilled in the art and can be made without departing from the scope and claims of the invention.

For example, the relative dimensions shown in FIG. 3 are not necessarily accurate. The cross sectional size of the feed line 52 and drain line 53 are somewhat exaggerated so that their function can be more readily illustrated. For most household applications it has been found preferable to use a feed line 52. and drain line 53 which have an inside cross sectional diameter of approximately one-quarter of an inch.

l claim:

1. A plant container comprising:

a soil and plant containing portion,

a feed line having an upper end and a lower end, said upper end being in communication with said soil containing portion, said feed line containing sand enabling water to flow by capillary means to said soil and plant containing portion from said lower end of said feed line,

a feed cap surrounding said lower end of said feed line, said cap containing sand in contact with the lower end of said feed line, said cap having a bonded sand layer along its inside and outside Walls whereby a reservoir of water may be placed around said cap so that water will flow into said cap by capillary action land through said sand in said cap to said lower end of said feed line,

a drain line having an upper end and a lower end, said upper end being in communication with said soil containing portion at a position opposite from said feed line, said drain line containing sand enabling Water to flow by capillary means from said soil and plant containing portion through said drain line to said lower end of said drain line, and

a drain cap surrounding said lower end of said feed line, said drain cap containing sand in contact with said lower end of said feed line, said drain cap having a bonded sand layer on its inside and outside walls whereby water may flow by capillary action from said lower end of said feed line through said sand in said drain cap and along said bonded sand layer on said feed cap to a receptacle outside of said drain cap, the rim of said drain cap being lower than the rim of said feed cap.

2. The plant container' of claim l further characterized by a bonded sand layer along the inside walls of said feed line, said soil `and plant containing portion and said drain line, whereby a continuons layer of bonded sand is provided from the lower end of said feed line to the lower end of said drain line to enhance and assure a continuous fiow of water through said container.

3. The plant container of claim 1 further characterized by ball and flange means at the lower ends of said feed line and said drain line for retaining said sand in said lines.

4. A plant container comprising:

fa soil and plant containing portion,

a feed line having an upper end and a lower end, said upper end being in communication with said soil a l containing portion, said feed line containing sand enabling water to flow by Capillary means to said soil and plant containing portion from saidY lower outside Vwall bonded sand and extending various.

lengths down into's'aid cap, said feed cap containing a bed of sand in contact with'at least one of `said feed paths and with the lower end of said feed line to maintain a continuous capillary ow of liquid from outside said cap to said feed line, la drain line having an upper end and a lower end, said'upper end being in communication with said soil containing portion at a position opposite Vfrom said feed line,rsaid drain line' containingrsand enabling water to flow by-capillary means froni'said soil and plant containing portion through said drain lline to said lower end of said drain line, and a drainlcap surrounding said lower end of said feed line, said drain cap containing sand in contact with said'lower end'of said'feed line, Said drain cap havng a bonded sand layer on its inside and outside walls whereby water may iiow by capillary action from said lower endof said feed line through said sand in said drain capV andV along said bonded sand layer on said feed cap to a receptacle outside of said drain cap, the rim of Said drain cap being lower Y than the rim of said feed cap. Y

5. The plant container of claim 4 further characterized by a bonded sand layer along the inside walls of sai-d feed line, said soil and plant containing portion and said drain line, whereby a continuous `layer of bondedy sand is provided from the lower end of said feed line to the lower end of said drain line to enhance andassure a continuous dow of water through said container.

6. ln a plant container wherein wateris fed to'and through said container by means of capillary flow into said container from a feed line, the improvement comprising:

a feed cap situated below and surrounding the lower end of said feed line, said feed cap having a bonded sand'outside surface and a plurality of bonded sand paths along its inside surface, said sand paths extending from the rim of said Vcap in contact with said outside bonded sand and extending various lengths down into said cap,

CII

, whereby sand placed in said cap will be in Contact with at least Yone of said feed paths and with the lower end of said feed line to maintain a continuous capillary flow of liquid from outside said cap to `said feed line, and whereby the height of sand in saidrfeed caprwill determine the number of said feed paths included in said capillary ow path so that the number of said feed paths included will partially determine the rate of Water'flow.

7. In a plant container wherein water is fed to and through said container by,means of capillary flow into said containerfrom a feed line,the improvement comprising:

a feed cap situated below and surrounding the lower end of said feed line, ysaid feed capv having a bonded sand outside surfaceand apluralityof bonded sand paths along its inside surface, said sand paths extending from the rim ofsaid cap in contact with said outside bonded sand and extending various lengths down into said cap, said feed ca'pfcontaining a bed of sand in contact with at least one of said feed paths and with thezlower end of Said feed line Vto maintain a continuous capillary flow of liquid from outside said captofsaid feed line,

whereby the height of said bed of sandy in said feed cap will'determine the number Vof said feed paths included in Vsaid capillary iiow path so that 'the number'of said feed paths included will partially determine the rate of water ow.

Y References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS n 705,372 7/02 Androvette 47--17 X 1,580,287 4/ 26 Colle et al. 47--17 X 1,584,632 k5/26 Merwarth et al. 47-31 17,786,205 12/,30 Greider 47-17`X 1,814,339 7/31 Sato 47-29 1,953,363 4/34 Pavlecka 47-38.1 1,995,217 3/35 Nelson 47--38.1 2,063,901 12/36 Wicvander 47--17 2,249,197 7/41 Brundin 47-l.2

FOREIGN PATENTS 63,335 3/55 France.

335,7 88 4/21 Germany.

12,057 6/96 Great Britain.

v720,949 12/54 Great Britain.

ANTGNIO F. GUIDA, Acting Primary Examiner. T. GRAHAM CRAVER, Examiner. 

1. A PLANT CONTAINER COMPRISING: A SOIL AND PLANT CONTAINING PORTION, A FEED LINE HAVING AN UPPER END AND A LOWER END, SAID UPPER END BEING IN COMMUNICATION WITH SAID SOIL CONTAINING PORTION, SAID FEED LINE CONTAINING SAND ENABLING WATER TO FLOW BY CAPILLARY MEANS TO SAID SOIL AND PLANT CONTAINING PORTION FROM SAID LOWER END OF SAID FEED LINE, A FEED CAP SURROUNDING SAID LOWER END OF SAID FEED LINE, SAID CAP CONTAINING SAND IN CONTACT WITH THE LOWER END OF SAID FEED LINE, SAID CAP HAVING A BONDED SAND LAYER ALONG ITS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE WALLS WHEREBY A RESERVOIR OF WATER MAY BE PLACED AROUND SAID CAP SO THAT WATER WILL FLOW INTO SAID CAP BY CAPILLARY ACTION AND THROUGH SAID SAND IN SAID CAP TO SAID LOWER END OF SAID FEED LINE, A DRAIN LINE HAVING AN UPPER END AND A LOWER END, SAID UPPER END BEING IN COMMUNICATION WITH SAID SOIL CONTAINING PORTION AT A POSITION OPPOSITE FROM SAID FEED LINE, SAID DRAIN LINE CONTAINING SAND ENABLING WATER TO FLOW BY CAPILLARY MEANS FROM SAID SOIL AND PLANT CONTAINING PORTION THROUGH SAID DRAIN LINE TO SAID LOWER END OF SAID DRAIN LINE, AND A DRAIN CAP SURROUNDING SAID LOWER END OF SAID FEED LINE, SAID DRAIN CAP CONTAINING SAND IN CONTACT WITH SAID LOWER END OF SAID FEED LINE, SAID DRAIN CAP HAVING A BONDED SAND LAYER ON ITS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE WALLS WHEREBY WATER MAY FLOW BY CAPILLARY ACTION FROM SAID LOWER END OF SAID FEED LINE THROUGH SAID SAND IN SAID DRAIN CAP AND ALONG SAID BONDED SAND LAYER ON SAID FEED CAP TO A RECEPTACLE OUTSIDE OF SAID DRAIN CAP, THE RIM OF SAID DRAIN CAP BEING LOWER THAN THE RIM OF SAID FEED CAP. 